G V 

38 Ae 






1890. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



@|ii|i. ©op^rigj^ !fu* 

Shelf 3l.K^ 

UNITED STATES OF AMEEICA. 



ORGANIZED 18 5 7- 

Ohe 




ADOPTED ^_ 

^^ APRIL 23^78 9 



_G_WHL'KOLD 



W^7--i 



Brooklyn Yacht Club 




REAR-COMMODORE 



FLEET CAPTAIN 



OFFICERS- 1890. 



COMMODORE. 
B. F. SUTTON. 



VICE-COMMODORE. REAR COMMODORE. 

GEORGE P. FOOTE. P. H. JEANNOT. 

MEASURER. 
R. C. HOPKINS. 

PRESIDENT. 
DANIEL O'REILLY. 

TREASURER. SECRETARY. 

WILLIAM H. BURK. ' WILLIAM CAGGER. 

TRUSTEES. 

E. F. DRAYTON, JOHN P. TRIBKEN, 

JOHN J. WELSH, A. M. LOCHHEAD, 

M. F. TOBIN, WILLARD GRAHAM, 

GEORGE B. LYONS, FRANKLIN PRENTISS, 

JOHN COTTIER. 

The Commodore, President, Secretary and Treasurer ex officio. 

MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE. 

ALBERT G. WALDEN, Chairman. 

EDWARD H. CHANDLER. OLIVER E. TREDWELL. 

REGATTA COMMITTEE. 

WILLIS HOLLY, Chairman. 
W. A. TAYLOR. A. S. RICHSHOFFER. 

HOUSE COMMITTEE. 

M. F. TOBIN, Chairman. 

GEORGE B. LYONS. ALEX. M. LOCHHEAD. 



Secretary and Treasurer's address, P. O. Box 154, Brooklyn, N. Y. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

List of Yachts, .----.---7 

List of Members, ----.-.-10 

Copy of Charter, ----^----16 

Constitution, --- = ----.17 

By-Laws, - - - - - - -- - -21 

Rules and Regulations for Racing and Sailing, - - 36 
Time Allowance Tables, - - -- - - -50 

Chart of Club Courses, -------52 

Yacht Routine, ---------55 

Signal Code, - - - - - - -- - 60 

Weather Instruments and Indications for Summer Season, 66 
Tide Tables, - 70 



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COPY OF CHARTER 

OF 

THE BROOKLYN YACHT CLUB 



Chapter 122, Laws 1864. 

AN ACT to incorporate The Brooklyn Yacht Club, passed 
April 5, 1864. 

The People of the State of Xew York, represented in Senate and 
Assefnbly, do enact as follows : 

Sec. I. Gilbert L. Haight, William H. Pegg, Peter W. 
Ostrander, Robert H. Whiting, Edwin Underbill, John X. 
Taylor, William Peet, Alexander H. Cunningham, G. A. 
Cooper, John Jones, William T. Lee, John Dimond and such 
other persons as are now associated with them are hereby con- 
stituted a bod}- corporate by the name of The Brooklyn Yacht 
Club, to be located in the city of Brooklyn, for the purpose of 
encouraging yacht building and improvement in seamanship 
and the cultivation of naval science. 

Sec. 2. The said corporation shall have power to make 
and adopt a constitution and by-laws, rules and regulations for 
the admission and government of its members as well as for 
their suspension and expulsion, for the election of officers and 
defining their duties, and for the safe-keeping, management 
and disposition of its property and funds. It may also from 
time to time alter or repeal such constitution and by-laws, rules 
and regulations ; and the first seven persons named in the first 
section of this act shall constitute the trustees and managers of 
the corporation until others are elected in their places. 

Sec. 3. The said corporation may purchase and hold or 
lease any real estate or personal estate, but the value of the 
real estate so to be held by it shall not exceed fifty thousand 
dollars. 

Sec. 4. The said corporation shall also possess the powers 
and be subject to the restrictions and liabilities contained in 
the third title of the eighteenth chapter of the first part of the 
Revised Statutes. 

Sec. 5. This act shall take effect immediately. 



CONSTITUTION. 



The Beooklyi Yacht Club. 



ARTICLE I. 
]>TAME. 



Section i. This organization shall be known as The 
Brooklyn Yacht Club, of Brooklyn, X. Y. 

OBJECTS. 

Sec. 2. The objects of this Club are : Encouraging- 
yacht building, education in seamanship and naval science, 
and recreation. 

ARTICLE II. 

MEMBERS AND THEIR ELECTION. 

Sec. I. Each candidate for membership must make 
application over his own signature, stating occupation in 
business and address of residence and place of business ; 
application must be accompanied with the amount of initia- 
tion fee, as prescribed in Article YI. of the By-Laws of the 
Club. 

Two members of the Club are required to vouch for the 



i8 

eligibility of the candidate to membership in the Club by- 
indorsing the application. 

The application will be handed to a member of the Com- 
mittee on Membership. If the Committee on Membership 
report in favor of electing the applicant, they shall immedi- 
ately post the candidate's name on the Club bulletin, and 
hand the application to the Secretary of the Club. Applica- 
tions must be bulletined at least five days prior to an 
election. 

Three black balls will suffice to reject any candidate's 
application. No person once black-balled shall be again 
proposed or balloted for within one year after such re- 
jection. 

Any person failing to acknowledge acceptance of his elec- 
tion to membership by paying at least six months' dues 
within sixty days after election shall forfeit his right to 
membership, also amount of initiation fee paid. 

Sec. 2. No member shall be allowed to resign who is 
indebted to the Club. Upon resigning or in any manner 
ceasing his connection with the Club, the interest of such 
member in all the property of the Club shall revert to the 
Club. There shall be no further addition to the list of 
Honorary Membership. 

ARTICLE III. 

OFFICBRS. 

Sec. I. The officers of this Club shall be: Commodore, 
Vice-Commodore, Rear Commodore, Measurer, President, 
Treasurer, Secretary, Board of Trustees, Committee on 
Membership and Regatta Committee. 



19 

TRUSTEES. 

Sec. 2. The Board of Trustees shall consist of nine 
members of the Club, at least five of whom shall be an 
owner or part owner in a yacht enrolled in this Club at the 
time of their election, and of the Commodore and President, 
Treasurer and Secretary, ex officio. 

COMMITTEE ON MEMBERSHIP. 

Sec. 3. Three members not officers of the Club will 
compose the Committee on Membership. 

REGATTA COMMITTEE. 

Sec. 4. Three members not owners of yachts or officers 
shall constitute the Regatta Committee. 

ELECTIOITS. 

Sec. 5. The offices of Commodore, Vice-Commodore 
and Rear Commodore shall each be filled by a member who 
shall, at the time of election, be the owner of a yacht 
enrolled in the squadron. 

Officers, Trustees, Committee on Membership and Re- 
gatta Committee are to be chosen at the Annual Meeting 
(or as soon as possible thereafter, in the event of failure of 
choice at that meeting), and shall hold office until the 
adjournment of next succeeding Annual Meeting, or until 
their successors be chosen ; all elections of officers shall be 
conducted as provided by Article V. of By-Laws. In case 
of vacancy of office, an election shall be immediately ordered 
and held as soon as possible. 



20 

ARTICLE IV. 
AMENDMENTS. 

Sec. I. Amendment and additions to the Constitution or 
By-Laws of this Club shall be made only by a two-thirds 
vote, and at a regular meeting. No proposition to amend 
or add shall be acted on unless written notice has been given 
at a prior regular meeting of the intention to offer such 
amendment or addition at the next regular meeting, nor 
unless such notice shall have been embodied in the call for 
said regular meeting issued by the Secretary. 

All articles of Constitution and By-Laws and Rules here- 
tofore adopted are hereby repealed and annulled. 

These Articles of Constitution and By-Laws, adopted at 
a meeting of the Club held in April, 1890, shall take effect 
immediately. 

SEAL. 

The Corporate Seal of the Club shall be circular, with an 
inch radius. In the centre shall be a figure of a yacht 
under full sail, with Club signal at masthead ; underneath 
it the name, **The Brooklyn Yacht Club;" above it^ 
** Organized in 1857; " below the name, ** Incorporated; '* 
and in the rim, between two foul anchors, the date^ 
**i864." Around in the rim shall be the motto of the 
Club, ** Navibus petimus bene vivere,^^ 



BY-LAWS. 



The Brooklyi Yacht Club. 



ARTICLE 1. 

DUTIES OF OFFICERS. 

COMMODORE. 

Section i. It shall be the duty of the Commodore to 
take command of the squadron, and enforce all sailing rules 
and regulations. 

VICE-COMMODORE. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the Vice-Commodore to 
assist the Commodore in the discharge of his duties, and in 
his absence to officiate in his stead. 

rear commodore. 

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the Rear Commodore to 
assist the Commodore and Vice-Commodore in the dis- 
charge of their duties, and in their absence to officiate in 
their stead. 

MEASURER. 

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the Measurer to measure 
all yachts and calculate their measurements as prescribed 



22 

by the By-Laws and make return of same to the Secretary ; 
also make similar return for each yacht entered for any race 
to the Regatta Committee when required by them. He will 
have charge of the yacht roll-board and correct same when 
any changes in the fleet or measurement of yachts occur, 
and will issue certificates of enrollment and measure- 
ment. Said certificates shall be numbered in sequence 
according to date of enrollment of the yacht ; in case a 
member sells an enrolled and numbered yacht, the number 
will be retained whilst he remains a member for any yacht 
he may afterwards enroll in the club. For each measure- 
ment of a yacht the owner shall pay a fee of one dollar into 
the Club treasury. 

PRESIDENT. 

Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the President to preside 
at all meetings, and to enforce all laws and regulations re- 
lating to the economy of the Club. 

He shall call special meetings of the Club whenever he 
shall deem it necessary, or upon the written request of five 
members. 

TREASURER. 

Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to see that 
all moneys due the Club are regularly collected ; to receive 
the same, and pay all bills which shall have been passed by 
the Club for payment, after being approved by a majority of 
the Auditing Committee, or by a majority of the House 
Committee, for matters under their control. 

He shall keep books of account, showing his receipts and 
disbursements, and the amount due from every member ; 
he shall furnish therefrom to the Club, at each monthly 
meeting, a summary of receipts, disbursements and cash on 



23 

hand, and quarterly a list of members in arrears, with the 
amount due from each one, and at the Annual Meethig in 
January a detailed report of all his receipts and disburse- 
ments for the year, and file the same, with vouchers, with 
the Secretary. 

All moneys of the Club received by him shall forthwith 
be deposited in a bank, to be designated by the Board of 
Trustees, and shall be drawn only on checks signed by the 
Treasurer and President. 

It shall be his duty to carry key to members' roster in 
Club House, attend to placing therein a new member's 
name and address immediately his dues have been paid — at 
same time hand the member key to Club premises — and re- 
move therefrom the name of any person whose membership 
has terminated from any cause. 

SECRETARY. 

Sec. 7. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to keep a 
true record of the proceedings of all meetings of the Club 
in a book provided for that purpose ; to keep a correct roll 
of all the members; to keep a correct list of the name, 
dimensions, rig and ownership of each yacht enrolled in 
the Club; to file all documents, records, reports and com- 
munications connected with the business of the Club ; to 
notify each member-elect of his election, and upon his be- 
coming a member furnish him with a copy of the Club- 
book for the year ; to notify each member of every meeting 
and of names of candidates for election to membership ; in 
case of inability to attend any meeting to cause the neces- 
sary books and papers to be conveyed to the place of meet- 
ing; to furnish the Treasurer, in writing, with the name. 



24 

address and business of every member elected, and the date 
of his election. 

Sec. 8. The Treasurer, Secretary and Measurer shall 
be allowed their necessary and proper disbursements for 
postage and stationery, and shall be relieved from the pay- 
ment of all dues and assessments while they discharge the 
duties of their offices. 

BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 

Sec. 9. It shall be their duty to take charge, control 
and management of all the property, real and personal, be- 
longing to the Club. 

They shall keep a record of their proceedings, and make 
a report thereof, in writing, to the Club at the Annual 
January Meeting, and also at the regular meetings of April, 
July and October. 

They shall have no authority to purchase or sell property 
in amount or value exceeding one hundred dollars, without 
the consent of the Club. 

Unexcused omission to attend three successive meetings 
of the Board by any of the members (excepting Commodore, 
President, Secretary and Treasurer), shall be deemed to 
create a vacancy, which shall be immediately filled, ad 
interim, by appointment by the President. 
■ It shall be their duty to form themselves into three sub- 
committees, viz. : 

A Finance Committee of Three, who shall have super- 
vision over the finances of the Club, and shall examine the 
account books of the Club once every three months. 

Afi Auditing Committee of Three, who shall audit all bills 
which shall be referred to the Board bv the Club. 



25 

A House Comj?iittee of Three, who shall take charge, con- 
trol and management of the city and shore headquarters. 

COMMITTEE ON MEMBERSHIP. 

Sec. 10. It shall be their duty to inquire into the stand- 
ing and character of each person proposed for membership, 
and to report the same at the next meeting after such pro- 
posal, if the application has been approved by them; no 
person shall be eligible for election to membership unless 
recommended by a majority of such Committee. 

regatta COMMITTEE. 

Sec. II. All races shall be sailed under the direction of 
the Regatta Committee, during which all competing yachts 
shall be under their control a-nd orders. They shall have 
all powers and authority given them by the rules, regula- 
tions and sailing regulations hereinafter contained; but 
they shall have no power to alter or abridge the same in 
any respect, nor power to make special rules inconsistent 
therewith. 

house COMMITTEE. 

Sec. 12. They shall have general supervision of the 
Club House and City Headquarters, and of all the Club 
property contained therein. They shall make time for 
colors morning and evening, and fire gun with each, ex- 
cepting Sundays, and keep signal lights hoisted from sunset 
till 6 A. M. They shall have power to prescribe such rules 
and regulations as they deem necessary for the proper gov- 
ernment of Club premises, which rules shall be posted in 
the Club House in a conspicuous place. They shall em- 
ploy a janitor, and with the consent of the Board of Trustees, 
an assistant when necessary, to care for yachts at anchorage 



26 

and convey persons to and from them and the boat house ; 
they shall determine the wages of employees. They shall 
make all necessary purchases for the proper maintenance of 
the Club House and audit all bills therefor. They shall 
submit to the Club at the February meeting an estimate of 
the amount necessary to properly carry on and maintain the 
Club House until the close of the yachting season of the 
year, and thereupon the Club shall make appropriation to 
cover said estimate. 

FLEET CAPTAIN. 

Sec. 13. A Fleet Captain shall be appointed by the 
Commodore, and shall be his executive officer. 

ARTICLE II. 

MEETINGS— Regular. 

Sec. I. The regular monthly meetings of the Club 
are appointed to take place at 8 P. M. on the second 
Wednesday of January, February, March, April, May, 
October, November and December, at City Headquarters, 
excepting when Wednesday may be a holiday, in which 
case the meeting shall take place on the Thursday fol- 
lowing the Wednesday; and second Saturday of June, July, 
August and September at Shore Headquarters. 

AX X UAL. 

Sec. 2. The first regular meeting of the year shall be 
the Annual Meeting. 

SPECLAL. 

Sec. 3. Special meetings may be called in accordance 
with these By-Laws, at which meetings no business other 



27 

than the election of members and that for which it was 
called shall be transacted. No special meeting shall be 
called for a legal holiday or a Sunday. 

QUORUM. 

Sec. 4. Twelve active members shall constitute a 
quorum authorized to transact business at any of the 
meetings of the Club. 

Sec. 5. If no quorum be present within thirty minutes 
after the time appointed for the commencement of any par- 
ticular meeting, regular or special, such meeting shall not 
be held, but shall be considered as adjourned. 

ARTICLE III. 

ORDER OF BUSINESS. 

Sec. I. The order of business at a regular meeting 
shall be as follows : 

I.— Roll call. 

2. — Reading of minutes of previous meeting, which 
shall stand approved unless otherwise ordered. 

3. — Collection of dues. 

4. — Reading of communications. 

5. — Reports of officers. 

6. — Reports of Trustees. 

7. — Reports of committees. 

8. — Action on bills. 

9. — Election of officers. 
10. — Election of members. 
II. — Miscellaneous business. 
Adjournment. 



28 

Sec. 2. All questions not otherwise provided for shall 
require for adoption an affirmative vote of at least ten, but 
not less than a majority of those present and entitled to 
vote. In case of amendment to Constitution or By-Laws, 
or expulsion from membership, there shall be required an 
affirmative vote of two-thirds members present at the meet- 
ing and entitled to vote, but never less than twenty to carry. 

No member who is present at a meeting and entitled to 
vote shall be excused from voting unless personally inter- 
ested in the decision of the question. Should any such 
member refuse to vote, and the President or Chairman 
finds not a quorum voting, he may arbitrarily adjourn the 
meeting. 

Sec. 3. Upon all matters relating to courses, cruises 
and all sailing regulations, members owning yachts en- 
rolled in the Club, and no others, shall be entitled to vote ; 
but this shall not entitle the owner of more than one yacht 
to cast more than one vote, or a yacht owned in part by 
more than one person to be represented in voting by more 
than one vote. 

ARTICLE IV. 

RULES OF ORDER. 

Sec. I. x\ny member wishing to speak shall arise and 
address the Chair. If two or more members shall claim 
the floor at the same time, the Chair shall decide who is 
entitled to it. 

Sec. 2. No motion may be entertained by the Chair 
unless seconded ; and until decided, no other motion shall 
be in order, except the previous question, to lay on the 
table, amend, recommit and to adjourn. 



29 

Sec. 3. All motions and resolutions must be reduced to 
writing if required by any member present. 

Sec. 4. No member may move a reconsideration of any 
vote, unless he voted with the majority which decided the 
question, nor after the subsequent meeting. 

Sec. 5. Any member may appeal to the Club from the 
decision of the Chair ; and if seconded, the question shall 
be : ** Shall the decision of the Chair be sustained ? " 

Sec. 6. No member may speak more than twice upon 
the same question without permission of the meeting. 

Sec. 7. When the floor is not occupied, a motion to 
adjourn is always in order, and is not debatable. 

Sec. 8. Any two members may call for the yeas and 
nays upon any debatable motion, and the Secretary shall 
call the names of the members "present and enroll the vote. 

Sec. 9. Any of the foregoing rules of order may be 
suspended at any meeting by a vote of two-thirds of the 
members present, but such suspension shall terminate with 
the meeting. 

Sec. id. Cushing's Manual shall be the authority for 
the construction of the foregoing rules, and to decide dis- 
puted questions of order not herein provided for. 

ARTICLE V. 
ELECTION OF OFFICERS. 

Sec. I. Nominations for officers of this Club may be 
made viva voce, or by a committee of three, to be appointed 
by the Chair, as the meeting shall direct. 

Officers shall be elected by ballot separately ; the Trus- 
tees, Committee on Membership and Regatta Committee 



30 

shall be voted for on separate ballots embracing all the 
candidates. Tellers shall be appointed by the Chairman to 
receive the ballots for each officer, and deliver said ballots 
to the Chairman, who thereupon shall immediately count 
the same, announce the result, and declare the person 
receiving the majority of the votes cast elected to the office. 
No person is eligible as a candidate for office if he is in 
arrears to the Club. 

In case of no choice for any one or more officers, new 
elections shall take place as soon as possible thereafter, for 
the particular case or cases in which there is no choice, 
until a choice be made. 

Only members who are owners of yachts enrolled in this 
Club are competent to cast ballots for the choice of flag 
officers, always as provided in Section 3, Article III., of 
By-Laws. 

Sec. 2. Any member who shall file with the Recording 
Secretary a written authority from the owner of a yacht to 
represent the same, may vote in its name if its owner shall 
not be present. Such authority must be given for a 
specified meeting, and be valid only for that meeting. 

ARTICLE VI. 
INITIATION FKES AND DUES. 

Sec. I. There shall be an initiation fee of ten dollars, 
payable upon application for membership. 

Sec. 2. For the maintenance of this Club, each active 
member, excepting life members, will be assessed twelve 
dollars per year at the date of the Annual Meeting, the 
same to be payable at once, but may be paid in equal half- 



31 

yearly amounts in advance, at the meetings in January and 
July. In cases of election during the year, the amount to 
be charged the new member will be for the unexpired por- 
tion of the year; but no person elected to membership 
shall be considered as entitled to any of the privileges 
of the Club until he shall have paid at least six months' 
dues. 

ARREARS AND REMISSIONS. 

Sec. 3. No member in arrears to the amount of six 
months' dues shall be eligible to any office, or vote at any 
election or upon any question. And before any election or 
taking of such vote, the Secretary shall read the names of 
those members present who, by this rule, may be deprived 
of a vote. 

If any member shall be in arrears to the Club in an 
amount exceeding six dollars, the Treasurer shall make 
report thereof to the Club, and also notify such delinquent 
member, in writing, that unless the same shall be paid 
within sixty days, his membership will cease, and his 
name be erased from the roll of members. A copy of this 
section shall be sent to him with such notice. 

Upon satisfactory proof of the service of such notice 
and copy of such section upon the member, and his 
default in payment, the Chairman, in monthly meeting, 
must order the Secretary to drop his name from the roll, 
and such action shall be noted in the proceedings of the 
meetings. 

A member thus leaving the Club shall not again be 
eligible for membership till he shall have paid the amount 
due from him and the monthly dues which would have ac- 
crued meanwhile. 



32 

The Club, at any regular meeting, may remit any amount 
due from any member. 

The Secretary, Treasurer and Measurer shall be exempt 
from payment of regular dues, provided they perform the 
duties of their offices. 

ARTICLE VII. 

PENALTIES. 

Sec. I. Any member of the Club charged, in writing, 
to the President, of violation of the Constitution or By- 
Laws of the Club, or of both, of breaking the rules and 
regulations of the Club, of disobeying the Commodore 
when sailing in squadron, of conduct unbecoming a gentle- 
man or injurious to the interests of the Club, or of any 
offense against the peace and good order of the Club, shall 
have a fair trial, by the Board of Trustees convened for 
that purpose, of which the accused shall have at least ten 
days' notice, and at which he may be heard in his own 
defense, and if found guilty, shall be so reported to the 
Club to be admonished, fined, suspended or expelled from 
the Club. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

YACHTS AND SIGNALS. 

Sec. I. Any yacht not less than sixteen feet in length 
on the water line, and owned, with its sails, spars and 
appointments, w^holly or in part, and in good faith, by a 
member or members of the Club, may be enrolled in the 
Vacht Squadron, upon the owner, owners or part owners 
filing with the Secretary a description thereof, containing 



33 

its name, ownership, size, rig, and the name and address of 
its builder, if known. 

From the time of such enrollment such yacht shall be en- 
titled to the privileges and be subject to the regulations of 
the Club. The member of the Club interested in a yacht 
having other part owners who are not members shall be re- 
sponsible that those other owners shall respect and obey 
the regulations of the Club, so long as the yacht carries the 
Club burgee. 

Sec. 2. The Club burgee shall be a broad-pointed flag 
of red ground, with a five-pointed white star in the center, 
and be carried at mast-head or peak. Its length shall be 
one inch for every foot of length on deck of the yacht, and 
its base or hoist two-thirds of its length. 

Sec 3. The Commodore's pennant shall be rectangular, 
one and one-half inches for every foot of deck length, width 
two-thirds its length ; it will be of blue ground, with large 
white five-pointed star in center, surrounded with thirteen 
smaller five-pointed white stars. 

The Vice-Commodore's pennant shall be same as Commo- 
dore's, excepting the ground be red. 

The Rear Commodore's pennant shall be same as Commo- 
dore's, excepting the ground be white and the stars be red. 

The pennant of the Senior Captain, when acting Rear 
Commodore, shall be the same as the Commodore's, except- 
ing without any stars. 

Size of all the flag officers' pennants shall be determined 
as prescribed for Commodore. 

Sec. 4. The night signal of the Club is Coston's patent 
signal, showing red, white, green and red in succession. 

Sec. 5. Members' private signals shall be swallow- 
tailed, and of less breadth at end than at hoist ; size, one 



34 

and one-half inches for every foot of deck length ; width at 
hoist two-thirds its length. May be of any color or device 
desired by the member; but the device must not be a 
symbol of any yacht, as the signal is intended to represent 
the man, not a boat, and the device must not be a copy of 
any registered private signal of members of any clubs in 
New York or eastern waters. A duplicate of the signal 
selected must be made twenty-four inches long on paper, 
and colored true to the signal, and deposited v^^ith the Sec- 
retary of the Club, to remain its property. 

Private signals must be shown when signaled by another 
yacht. 

Sec. 6. Each enrolled yacht shall have its name legibly 
painted on outside of stern, and shall carry private signal of 
owner when under way (provided duplication has been 
filed with Secretary of the Club) ; in the absence of private 
signal shall carry the Club burgee while under way. Every 
yacht may carry the American Yacht Ensign adopted by act 
of Congress and approved by Secretary of Navy. 

Sec. 7. In the absence of the Commodore, Vice-Com- 
modore and Rear Commodore, the member of the Club 
present oldest in membership, being a yacht owner, shall 
be Senior Captain, and take command of the squadron, 
acting as Rear Commodore, until relieved of his command 
by his superior officer. 

Sec. 8. Any yacht chartered to a person not a member 
of this Club loses right to representation in the Club and 
the right to carry Club burgee during the term of its charter. 

A member chartering a yacht not enrolled in the Club shall 
not be entitled to represent her at Club meetings or other 
occasions, or claim for her any of the privileges of the Club 
excepting with and by the consent of the Commodore in 



35 

writing, may be permitted to carry Club burgee for a term 
not exceeding thirty consecutive days. 

The owner of any yacht enrolled in the Club, v/hich 
becomes sold to a person not a member of this Club, shall 
promptly notify the Secretary and the Measurer, who shall 
erase its name from the Club list and remove from yacht 
roll-board, reporting same to the Club at next meeting 
following. 

ARTICLE IX. 

EXCURSIONS. 

Sec. I. At least once in each month during the yachting 
season there shall be an excursion of the squadron, in which 
all the yachts shall join, unless excused by the Commodore 
(or Flag Officer in command). The date and destination 
thereof shall be determined by the Commodore (or Flag 
Officer in command), and notice posted by the Fleet Captain 
in Club House, giving at least one week's notice. 



ARTICLE X. 

REGATTAS AND RACES. 

Sec. I. There shall be an annual regatta given by the 
Club, to take place in the month of June, and a fall regatta 
in the month of September, both over the stipulated Club 
courses. The date of the first shall be determined on or 
before the regular meeting in April, and of the last on or 
before the regular meeting -in August. 



36 

ARTICLE XI. 

RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR RACING 
AND SAILING. 

Rule I — Classification. 
Yachts shall be classified for all Club races as follows : 

MAINSAIL. 

Class A, 1 6 feet to and including i8 feet. 
Class B, over i8 feet to and including 21 feet. 
Class C, over 21 feet to and including 25 feet. 
Class D, over 25 feet to and including 30 feet. 

JIB AND MAINSAIL. 

Class E, 18 feet to and including 21 feet. 
Class F, over 21 feet to and including 25 feet. 
Class G, over 25 feet to and including 30 feet. 

CABIN YACHTS.— SLOOPS, CUTTERS AND YAWLS. 

Class 1, 21 feet to and including 25 feet. 
Class 2, over 25 feet to and including 30 feet. 
Class 3, over 30 feet to and including 36 feet. 
Class 4, over 36 feet to and including 45 feet. 

A cabin yacht is a decked vessel with a permanently fixed 
cabin-house at least ten inches high, or a vessel flush- 
decked from stem to stern with suitable cabin accommoda- 
tions below. All others, including those with portable, 
summer or canvas cabins, are open boats. 

Lengths mentioned are : For mainsail and jib and main- 
sail rigs, water-line, plus one-quarter of the over-hang aft; 
for all other rigs the actual water-line only. 



?>1 

Water-line is the length in a straight line between the 
points furthest forward and furthest aft where the hull, ex- 
clusive of the rudder-stock, is intersected by the surface of 
the water, when the yacht is afloat, ballasted and with her 
crew placed amidships at the time of measuring. 

Ride 2 — Sail Measurements. 

Sails of mainsail and jib and mainsail yachts will be meas- 
ured for actual area in square feet. For all other rigs the 
area is to be ascertained by taking a perpendicular along 
the after side of the mainmast from the under side of the 
gafftopsail halliard block or sheave in topmast to the upper 
side of boom when resting on the saddle or on the lowest 
part of the gooseneck — the distance of which point from the 
main deck or house top is to be 'recorded by the measurer; 
but the length of this perpendicular shall not be taken as 
less than the distance from the upper side of the boom to 
the under side of the hounds with nine-tenths of the length 
of the gaff added thereto. 

On sloops and cutters a base line is to be taken in a 
straight direction from a point half way between the jib stay 
and jibtopsail stay on the bowsprit to the end of the main 
boom, adding thereto the length of the gaff diminished by 
80 per cent, of the length of the topmast measured from 
hounds of lower mast to the lower side of gafftopsail halliard 
block or sheave. 

On yawls there will be no addition to length of base line 
for length of mainsail gaff or topmast. 

On sloops and cutters without topmasts the top of per. 
pendicular will be the eye bolt of the throat halliard block, 
with nine-tenths the length of gaff added to base line. 

Multiply the perpendicular by half the base line, as 



38 

found in any case, the product will constitute the sail area 
for sloops, cutters and yawls. 

Rttle 3 — Compotmd Rating, 

Add the length and the square root of sail area together 
and divide the sum by two, the product will be the com- 
pound rating of the yacht in feet and inches. 

Rtde 4 — Time Allowances. 

Yachts will sail in classes determined by length (see 
Rule i). Allowance for difference of length will be made 
according to the time allowance tables of the Club. 

When the compound rating exceeds the length measure- 
ment add to the elapsed time, after correcting for length, 
an allowance for the amount of excess as per same tables ; 
when the rating is less than the length deduct from the cor- 
rected elapsed time an allowance for the difference as per 
tables. 

These valuations are found in the tables above or below 
the yacht's length, as the case may be. 

In mixed-rig races the length of a yawl shall be taken at 
nine-tenths the water line. 

Rule 5 — Ci'eio. 

All yachts are permitted to carry in any race a crew not 
to exceed one man for every five feet or part thereof of 
length on deck, in addition to the captain. 

All yachts must be steered in any race by a member of 
the Club, or forfeit all claim to prize or prizes. 

Ride 6 — Ballast and Fittings. 

After the preparatory signal no ballast shall be taken 
aboard or out of any yacht. No ballast or article of weight, 



39 

excepting the anchor and crew, may be shifted or trimmed, 
and nothing may be boomed out during a race. Each yacht 
must carry throughout the race the same persons with 
whom it started. Nothing but the hand-lead and line may 
be used in sounding. All ceilings, seats and fixtures must 
be kept on board in their places. Yachts may come to 
anchor during a race, but must take anchors aboard again 
before proceeding in the race. 

Upon proof that ballast or weight of any kind (excepting 
the anchor and the crew) has been shifted or trimmed on 
any yacht during a Club race, such yacht shall forfeit all 
claim to a prize or prizes, and the captain shall be forth- 
with considered expelled from the Club, and shall not be 
eligible for reelection to membership within one year 
following date of race. This penalty does not apply after 
yacht abandons racing. 

Rule 7 — Sails. 

During a race yachts must keep their bowsprits fixed in 
proper place and the tack of jib and staysail fast. 

No means of propulsion, excepting sails, shall be used 
during a race. 

In any race under the rules of this Club, mainsail yachts 
shall carry only mainsail ; jib and mainsail yachts shall 
carry mainsail and jib only. 

Cabin yachts may carry any sail they please, excepting 
square sails and Club topsails. Spinnakers shall be tri- 
angular in shape and shall not hoist above the truck or haul 
beyond the end of the boom, which, when on end, shall not 
extend above the lower masthead. Light gaff topsails may 
be set over working ones, but, other than this, no two sails 
of the same name shall be set at the same time. 



40 

Rule 8 — Private Signals, 
Each yacht sailing in a race shall fly her owner's private 
signal or the Club burgee at main peak ; if accidentally 
carried away it must be (if recovered) rehoisted as soon as 
possible. Hauling down the signal or burgee, or removal 
of numbers of sail, \vill constitute an abandonment of the 
race, then the yacht must keep out of the way, and to lee- 
ward, as provided in Rule 15. 

Ride 9 — Race Time — Limit. 

Unless the Club course be sailed over in six hours or less 
by a yacht of any class, it shall not be considered a race 
for that class. But any class not finishing in time allowed 
may resail the race any time "within thirty days succeeding 
date of such failure, provided no contestant in the class 
objects, and a date be promptly agreed upon. 

Rule 10 — E7itries. 

Entries for a race must be made in writing (or, in case of 
necessity, by telegraph) and filed with the Chairman of 
the Regatta Committee not later than twelve o'clock noon of 
the day previous to the race, exclusive of Sunday. 

No yacht may enter for a race until she has obtained her 
certificate of enrollment and measurement from the Treas- 
urer. Any yacht may enter for a race with yachts of a 
higher class than that to w^hich she belongs by assuming 
the minimum measurement of the class she enters ; but 
must give notice of intention of racing in such class to the 
Regatta Committee before 9 P. M. the day before the race, 
and after giving such notice must race in the class selected, 
unless excused by the Regatta Committee, and thereby per- 
mitted to return to her proper class for the race ; further- 



41 

more, up to one hour prior to the time named for starting a 
yacht may enter the higher class, assuming minimum 
measurement, provided she obtains the consent of the 
Regatta Committee and all the captains of yachts entered in 
that class so to do ; or, having given formal notice of enter- 
ing a higher class, may return to her proper class by obtain- 
ing consent of the Regatta Committee and all the captains 
of yachts entered in the class to which she desires to return 
to. 

Every yacht entering for a race must have been enrolled 
in the fleet at least one week prior to the race, and all the 
dues of its owner must have been duly paid. 

Rule II — Bidletins. 

The Regatta Committee shall tabulate the allowance of 
time to be given by the yachts entered in any race in 
accordance with the systems of allowances adopted by the 
Club, and shall post the same on the Club's bulletin board 
at Shore Headquarters, at least twelve hours before the 
race starts. 

Ritle 12 — Oivnership and Chartered Yachts. 

If any member be interested as owner, wholly or in part, 
of more than one yacht, only one of them may be entered 
in any race to compete for the same prize. 

Rule 13 — Regatta Committee. 

The Regatta Committee shall be the judges of all races. 
Any question not covered by these rules shall be decided 
by them. 

They shall have power to exclude any yacht from a race 
for violation of the rules ; also to postpone the race in any 
or all classes if, in their judgment, the course or courses 



42 

could not be covered within the time Umit by sunset of the 
day, or that weather is unsuitable ; also in special or match 
races may alter, on account of weather or water, the direc- 
tion of the course, provided the substituted course be of 
same length and nearly the same points of sailing, and that 
there has been no expressed agreement between the con- 
testants to the contrary. 

The decisions of the Regatta Committee shall be final. 

Rtde 14 — Staj'ts. 

No prize shall be given in any class unless at least two 
yachts in the class start, excepting in the case of resailing 
a race in which two or more yachts started originally. 

All yachts in a race shall be amenable to the rules from 
the time the preparatory signal is given. 

In all races of this Club the start shall be a flying one for 

all classes, and the signals shall be as follows : 

Fi7'st, for Classes I, 2, 3 aiid 4 to prepare to start. — A 
whistle will be sounded by Club steamer at starting line, 
and the Club signal lowered from her flagstaff. 

Second^ for Classes I, 2, 3 and 4 to start, — Five minutes 
thereafter a second whistle shall be sounded, and the Club 
signal hoisted on steamer's flagstaff. 

Thirds for Classes A, B, C, D^ E, F and G to prepare to 
start. — Five minutes after the second whistle a third whistle 
shall be sounded, and the Club flag again lowered. 

Fourth, for Classes A, B, C, D, F, F and G to start. — 
Five minutes after the third whistle a fourth whistle shall 
be sounded, and the Club flag again hoisted. 

All the whistles shall be sounded with the utmost 
accuracy as to time. 

Five minutes only are allowed to cross the line after the 
whistle to start has been sounded; any yacht crossing the 
line after the expiration of the five minutes shall be consid- 



43 

ered as having started at the moment of expiration of time 
allowed for doing so. 

If any yacht be on or across the line before the signal to 
go is made, she must return and recross the line; in so 
doing she must keep clear of all competing yachts which 
have crossed or are crossing said line properly. 

The Regatta Committee will fix the hour of commence- 
ment of the races in any Club Regatta, but early enough 
for time limit to expire by sunset of the day. 
Rule 15 — Non- cofnpe titers. 

All yachts not racing must keep to leeward and out of the 
way of racing yachts. 

Rule 16 — Club Courses. 

The courses for the several classes shall be as follows : 
Starting, crossing from east to -west an imaginary line, about 
three hundred yards long, situate off the Club House, 
drawn north and south from Club steamer to stakeboat, or 
from one stakeboat to another, and finishing crossing same 
line from west to east. 

Class A, to and around black buoy, No. 15, lying off 
upper end of West Bank ; thence to and around black buoy, 
No. II, off lower end of West Bank; thence to starting 
line — distance 8 miles. 

Classes B and E, to and around black buoy, No. 15 ; 
thence to and around black baoy. No. 9, off Quarantine 
ship; thence to starting line — distance 10 miles. 

Classes C, F and i, to and around black buoy. No. 15; 
thence to and around red bell buoy. No. 8, at entrance 
Swash Channel; thence to starting line — distance 12 miles. 

Classes D, G and 2, to and around black buoy. No. 15 ; 
thence to and around black buoy, No. 7; thence to starting 
line — distance 14^ miles. 



44 

Classes 3 and 4, to and around black buoy, No. 15; 
thence to and around red buoy, No. 8^ (perch and ball on 
top), on southwest spit; thence to starting line — distance 
18 miles. 

All buoys or marks to be rounded shall be kept on the 
port hand in so doing. Yachts going from buoy No. 15 
to lower turning points must keep to eastward of black 
buoys 13, II, 9 and 7, excepting the buoy marking the turn- 
ing point, and returning to finish keep to westward of the 
dumb beacon on Romer Shoals. 

Rule \^ — Resailing Races, 

Should any yacht duly entered for a race not start, or 
having started should she give up racing or be disabled dur- 
ing the race, such yacht shall, in event of the race being re- 
sailed, be entitled to start, but no entry by a yacht not 
entered for the original race shall be received. 

Rule 18 — Man Overboard. 

In case of a man falling overboard from a competing yacht 
all yachts in a position to do so shall use their utmost 
endeavors to render assistance, and if it should appear that 
any yacht was thereby prevented winning the race, the 
Regatta Committee shall have power to have it resailed 
between any yacht or yachts so prevented and the winner 
of that race, in which case the prize shall go to the winner 
of the resailed race. 

Rule 19 — Ag7vund or Afoul. 

A yacht running aground or fouling a buoy, vessel or 

other obstruction, may use her own anchors, boats, warps, 

etc., to get off or clear, but may not receive assistance 

except from the crew of the vessel fouled. Any anchor. 



45 

boat or warp so used must be taken on board again before 
continuing the race. 

If the buoy, vessel or obstruction fouled be a mark in the 
race-course the yacht is sailing she will be disqualified to 
continue the race. 

Rule 20 — Lights and Fog Signals. 

Yachts shall, during a race, observe the Government 
regulations regarding lights and fog signals. 

In fog, mist or falling snow the fog horn must be blown 
frequently, as follows : One long blast for ** I am on star- 
board tack," tw^o long blasts for **I am on port tack," 
three blasts " I am running free." When at anchor in a 
fog or thick weather, strike bell rapidly every two minutes. 

Rule 21 — Making Fast. 
No yacht shall, during a race, make fast to any buoy, 
stage, pier, vessel or other object, or send an anchor out in 
a boat, excepting for purposes specified in Rule 19. 

Ride 22 — Stakeboat. 

A competent person, member of the Club, shall be placed 
in a stakeboat at the finishing line, whose duty shall be to 
take time of the yachts finishing, in the absence of the Re- 
gatta Committee. 

Rule 23 — Removal of Marks. 
Should any stakeboat, buoy or other mark be absent or 
moved from its proper position during a race, the race may 
be resailed or not, at the option of the Regatta Committee. 

Rule 24 — Ti7}iing. 
The time at start or finish shall be taken when the main- 
mast crosses the line. 



46 

Rule 25 — Disqualification. 

Every yacht must go fairly around the course, and must 
not touch any mark, but shall not be disqualified if wrong- 
fully compelled to do so by another yacht. Any yacht 
touching a mark or causing displacement of it shall be dis- 
qualified. The Regatta Committee may, without a protest 
from any yacht, disqualify a yacht, should it come to their 
knowledge that she has committed a breach of the rules. 

If a yacht, in consequence of her neglect of any of these 
rules, shall foul another yacht, or compel another yacht to 
foul any yacht, mark, buoy or obstruction, or to run 
aground, she shall be disqualified, and shall pay all dam- 
ages. Any yacht which shall wrongfully cause another to 
luff or bear away in order to avoid fouling, or shall without 
due cause compel another yacht to give room or to tack, 
under Section 15, Rule 28, or shall herself fail to tack or 
bear away, as required in that section, or shall in any other 
way infringe or fail to comply with any of these rules, shall 
be disqualified. 

Ride 26 — Protests. 

Protests must be filed in writing before 6 p. M. the day 
following the race (exclusive of Sunday) with the Chair- 
man of the Regatta Committee, and must be signed by the 
owner and the captain who steered her during the race. 

Rule 27 — Pe?ialties. 

A prize shall not be awarded to any yacht which shall 
have violated any of the foregoing rules. Any yacht which 
shall have been twice disqualified in a season, and in races 
controlled by the Regatta Committee, for violation of these 
rules, shall be debarred from sailing in any races following 



47 

the date of second disqualification during the balance of 
that season. 

Ride 28 — Seamanship. 

The requisitions in this rule apply at all times to ordinary 
sailing as well as racing. 

1. Right of way, — When one yacht is approaching an- 
other yacht, so as to involve risk of fouling, one of them 
shall keep clear of the other as follows : 

2. On different points of sailing. — A yacht free shall 
keep clear of one close-hauled. 

3. On sa77ie point of sailings wind on opposite sides. — 
When both yachts are close-hauled, or both free, and have 
the wind on opposite sides, the yacht with the wind on the 
port side shall keep clear. 

4. On saine point of sailing, zvind on saine side. — When 
both yachts are free, or both have the wind aft, and have 
the wind on same side, the yacht to windward shall keep 
clear ; when the wind is aft it is considered to be on the 
side opposite to that on which she is carrying her main- 
boom. 

5. Wind aft. — A yacht with the wind aft shall keep clear 
of a yacht on any other point of sailing. 

6. Overtaking. — An overtaking yacht shall in every case, 
as long as an overlap exists, keep clear of the yacht which 
is being overtaken. 

7. Definition of overlap. — An overlap is established when 
an overtaking yacht has no longer a free choice on which 
side she will pass, and continues to exist as long as the lee- 
ward yacht by luffing or the weather yacht by bearing away 
is in danger of fouling. 

8. Altering course. — When of two yachts one is obliged 



48 

to keep clear the other shall not so alter her course as to 
involve the risk of fouling. 

9. Luffing. — A yacht may luff as she pleases in order to 
prevent another from passing her to windward, provided 
she begins to luff before an overlap has been established. 

10. Bearing away. — A yacht shall not bear away out of 
her course so as to hinder another in passing to leeward. 

11. Rights on new courses. — A yacht shall not become 
entitled to her rights on a new course until she has filled 
away. 

12. Converging close-hauled. — When two yachts, both 
close-hauled, on the same tack, are converging by reason 
of the leeward yacht holding a better wind, and neither can 
claim the rights of a yacht being overtaken, then the yacht 
to leeward shall keep clear. 

13. Passing aitd rounding Diarks. — If an overlap exists 
between two yachts, when both of them, without tacking, 
are about to pass a mark on the required side, then the out- 
side yacht must give the inside yacht room to pass clear of 
the mark. A yacht shall not, however, be justified in at- 
tempting to establish an overlap, and thus force a passage 
between another yacht and the mark after the latter has 
altered her helm for the purpose of rounding. 

14. Defi7tition of mark. — A mark is any vessel, boat or 
buoy, or other object, used to indicate the course, and does 
not, in the preceding section, involve any question of sea- 
room. 

15. Obstructions to sea-room. — When a yacht is in danger 
of running aground or of touching a pier, rock or other ob- 
struction, and cannot go clear by altering her course with- 
out fouling another yacht, then the latter shall, on being 
hailed by the former, at once give room; and in case one 



49 

yacht is forced to tack or bear away, in order to give room, 
the other shall also tack or bear away, as the case may be, 
at as nearly the same time as is possible without danger of 
fouling. 

Rule 29 — Declaration. 

Before the owner of a winning yacht can receive the 
prize, the captain who steered the race shall sign a declara- 
tion that all the rules were complied with. 

ARTICLE XII. 

TIME ALLOWANCE. 

iVllowance of time shall be computed from the following 
tables, the length of course being reckoned in statute miles. 
To find the time one yacht allows another, subtract the 
time given opposite the length of the larger from the time 
given opposite the length of the smaller, the remainder will 
be the allowance to the smaller in seconds and decimals per 
mile; multiply by the length of the course, and reduce to 
minutes and seconds ; lengths of half an inch or over to 
count as full inch, less than half inch, discard. 

Thus : A 3 1 -foot yacht is tabled at 158.4 seconds. 

A 36-foot yacht is tabled at 136. i seconds. 



Amount 36-foot allows 3 1 -foot per mile is 22.3 seconds. 

For the compound rating, when more or when less than 
yacht's-length measurement, add to or deduct from a yacht's 
time corrected for length as above shown, valuation for the 
difference ascertained by same time allowance tables. 



so 

TABLE OF TIME ALLOWANCES. 
SECONDS PER MILE. 



1 


•So 


1 


^ 




^ 


1 


'sJ 


1 


<;i 


jji 


vo 


jJj 


<o 


jJj 


vo 


j« 




?» 


^ 






1 




ii 


i 


8| 


i 


1 


S 


1' 


^ 


1' 


^ 
^ 


^' 


^ 
^ 


^^ 


^ 
^ 


^' 


^ 
^ 


16 


271.5 


19 


239.6 


22 


213.9 


25 


192.4 


28 


174.2 


I 


270.5 


I 


238.8 


I 


213.2 


I 


191. 8 


I 


173.7 


2 


269.5 


2 


238.0 


2 


212.6 


2 


191. 3 


2 


173.2 


3 


268.5 


3 


237-3 


3 


212.0 


3 


190.8 


3 


172.8 


4 


267.5 


4 


236.5 


4 


211. 3 


4 


190.2 


4 


172.3 


5 


266.5 


5 


235.7 


5 


210.7 


5 


189.7 


5 


171. 8 


6 


265.6 


6 


235.0 


6 


210. 1 


6 


189.2 


6 


171.4 


7 


264.6 


7 


234.2 


7 


209.4 


7 


188.6 


7 


170.9 


8 


263.7 


8 


233.4 


8 


208.8 


8 


188.1 


8 


170.4 


9 


262.8 


9 


232.7 


9 


208.2 


9 


187.6 


9 


170.0 


10 


261.8 


10 


231.9 


10 


207.5 


10 


187.0 


10 


169-5 


II 


260.9 


II 


231.2 


II 


206.9 


II 


186.5 


II 


169.0 


17 


260.0 


20 


230.5 


23 


206.3 


26 


186.0 


29 


168.6 


I 


259-1 


I 


229.7 


I 


205.7 


I 


185.5 


I 


168.1 


2 


258.2 


2 


229.0 


2 


205.1 


2 


185.0 


2 


167.7 


3 


257.3 


3 


228.3 


3 


204.5 


3 


184.5 


3 


167.3 


4 


256.4 


4 


227.5 


4 


203.9 


4 


184.0 


4 


166.8 


5 


255.5 


5 


226.8 


5 


203.3 


5 


183.5 


5 


166.4 


6 


254.6 


6 


226.1 


6 


202.7 


6 


183.0 


6 


166.0 


7 


253.7 


7 


225.4 


7 


202.1 


7 


182.5 


7 


165.5 


8 


252.8 


8 


224.7 


8 


201.5 


8 


182.0 


8 


165. 1 


9 


252.0 


9 


224.0 


9 


200.9 


9 


181.5 


9 


164.7 


10 


251. 1 


10 


223.3 


10 


200.3 


10 


181. 


10 


164.2 


II 


250.3 


II 


222.6 


II 


199.7 


II 


180.5 


II 


163.8 


18 


249.5 


21 


221.9 


24 


199.2 


27 


180.0 


30 


163.4 


I 


248.6 


I 


221.2 


I 


198.6 


I 


179-5 


I 


162.9 


2 


247.8 


2 


220.5 


2 


198.0 


2 


179.0 


2 


162.5 


3 


247.0 


3 


219.9 


3 


197.5 


3 


178.5 


3 


162. 1 


4 


246.1 


4 


219.2 


4 


196.9 


4 


178.0 


4 


161. 7 


5 


245.3 


5 


218.5 


5 


196.3 


5 


177.5 


5 


161. 3 


6 


244-5 


6 


217.9 


6 


195.8 


6 


177.0 


6 


160.9 


7 


243.6 


7 


217.2 


7 


195.2 


7 


176.5 


7 


160.4 


8 


212.8 


8 


216.5 


8 


194.6 


8 


176.0 


8 


160.0 


9 


242.0 


9 


215.9 


9 


194. 1 


9 


175.6 


9 


159.6 


10 


241.2 


10 


215.2 


10 


193.5 


10 


175.1 


10 


"■^I'l 


II 


240.4 


II 


214.5 


II 


192.9 


11' 


174.6 


II 


158.8 



51 



TABLE OF TIME ALLOWANCES. 

SECONDS PER MILE. 



^ 1 


, 


^ 


1 


'^ 


1 


^ 


, 


^ 


^ 


^^ 


^ 


j^ 


Vi 


?^ 


^ 


^^ 


'■0 


11 


1 








i 








1 


1^ 


1 


^g 


^ 

^ 


37 


^ 

^ 


|. 


^ 

^ 


|. 


:§ 

^ 


31 


158.4 


34 


144-5 


132. 1 


40 


121. 


43 


III.O 


I 


157.9 


I 


144. 1 


I 


131.7 


I 


120.7 


I 


110.7 


2 


157.5 


2 


143.7 


2 


131.4 


2 


120.4 


2 


110.4 


3 


157-1 


3 


143.3 


3 


131. 1 


3 


120. 1 


3 


no. I 


4 


156.7 


4 


142.9 


4 


130.8 


4 


119. 8 


4 


ICQ.8 


5 


156.3 


5 


1^2.6 


5 


130-5 


5 


119-5 


5 


109.6 


6 


155.9 


6 


142.3 


6 


130.2 


6 


119-3 


6 


109.4 


7 


155.5 


7 


141. 9 


7 


129.8 


7 


119. 


7 


109. 1 


8 


155.1 


8 


141-5 


8 


129-5 


8 


118. 7 


8 


108.8 


9 


154-7 


9 


141. 1 


9 


129.2 


9 


118. 4 


9 


108.5 


10 


154.3 


10 


140.8 


10 


128.9 


10 


118.1 


10 


108.3 


II 


153-9 


II 


140.5 


II 


128.6 


II 


117.8 


II 


108. 1 


32 


153-5 


35 


140.2 


38 


128.3 


41 


117.6 


44 


107.9 


I 


153. 1 


I 


139-8 


I 


127.9 


I 


117.1 


I 


107.6 


2 


152.7 


2 


139.4 


2 


127.6 


2 


117.0 


2 


107.3 


3 


152.3 


3 


139.0 


3 


127.3 


3 


116.7 


3 


107.0 


4 


151-9 


4 


138.7 


4 


127.0 


4 


116.4 


4 


106.8 


5 


151-5 


5 


138.4 


5 


126.7 


5 


116.1 


5 


106.6 


6 


151-2 


6 


138.1 


6 


126.4 


6 


II5-9 


6 


106.4 


7 


150.8 


7 


137.7 


7 


126. 1 


7 


115. 6 


7 


106. 1 


8 


150.4 


8 


137.3 


8 


125.8 


8 


115.3 


8 


105.8 


9 


150.0 


9 


137.0 


9 


125.5 


9 


115.0 


9 


105.5 


10 


149.6 


10 


136.7 


10 


125.2 


10 


114.7 


10 


105.3 


II 


149.2 


II 


136.4 


II 


124.9 


II 


114.4 


II 


105. 1 


33 


148.9 


36 


136. 1 


39 


124.6 


42 


114.2 


45 


104.9 


I 


148.5 


I 


135.7 


I 


124.3 


I 


113.9 


I 


104.6 


2 


148. 1 


2 


135.3 


2 


124.0 


2 


113. 6 


2 


104.3 


3 


147.7 


3 


135.0 


3 


123.7 


3 


113.3 


3 


104.0 


4 


147.3 


4 


134.7 


4 


123-4 


4 


113.0 


4 


103.8 


5 


147.0 


5 


134.4 


5 


123. 1 


5 


112. 8 


5 


103.6 


6 


146.7 


6 


134. 1 


6 


122.8 


6 


112.6 


6 


103.4 


7 


146.3 


7 


133.7 


7 


122.5 


7 


112. 3 


7 


103. 1 


8 


145.9 


8 


133.3 


8 


122.2 


8 


112.0 


8 


102.8 


9 


145-5 


9 


133.0 


9 


121. 9 


9 


111.7 


9 


102.5 


10 


145- 1 


10 


132.7 


10 


121. 6 


10 


III. 4 


10 


102.3. 


II 


144.8 


II 


132.4 


II 


121. 3 


II 


III. 2 


II 


102. 1 



52 

SAILING POINTS. 
DIFFERENT WINDS OVER CLUB COURSE. 

Wind North, — To buoy 15, just forward beam ; to lower 
turning points, aft; to finish, Class A close-hauled port 
tack, all other classes long leg and short one. 

Wind Northeast. — To buoy 15, just abaft beam ; to lower 
turning points, over port quarter; to finish, ** beating," for 
all classes. 

Wind East. — To buoy 15, over starboard quarter; to 
lower turning points, abeam ; to finish, close-hauled star- 
board tack. 

Wind Southeast, — To buoy 15, over port quarter; to 
low^er turning points. Classes C, F and i long leg and short 
one; all others close-hauled on port tack; to finish, abeam 
for Classes A, B and E ; abaft beam for all others. 

Wind South. — To buoy 15, just abaft beam; to lower 
turning points, ** beating;" to finish, over starboard 
quarter. 

Wind Southwest. — To buoy 15, forward abeam ; to lower 
turning points, close-hauled, starboard tack ; Classes D, G 
and 2 long leg and short one from buoy 13 to 7; to finish. 
Classes A., B, C, D, E, F, G, i and 2, aft ; Classes 3 and 4 
over port quarter. 

Wind West. — To buoy 15, "beating," long leg and short 
one; to lower turning points, abeam; to finish, abaft 
beam. 

Wind Northivest. — To buoy 15, '* beating;" to lower 
turning points, over starboard quarter ; to finish, abeam to 
forward beam. 



2 





»o 




i 




^ 




-'^^>^yy.rr/.v^^^ 


^ 5 




s ^ 




R ^ 




t::) .'^ 




^ ^ 


1 


^ 


■1 


^■»« 


^' t 


^^-— -^^___^ 


^ ' 






-^^r^ 



&. 



■'''^.n 






o 



^^ 



53 
ARTICLE XIII. 

SERVICE UNIFORM. 

Coat. — Double-breasted sack coat of navy blue cloth or 
fine blue flannel, with two rows of four club buttons. 

Vest. — Same materials, single-breasted, no collar, with 
six club buttons. 

Trousers. — Same materials. 

The same uniform may be worn of white material with 
gilt club buttons. 

Neckerchief. — Black silk. 

Cap. — Navy blue cloth, three inches in height, crown 
projecting half inch beyond band; -band of black braid 
\]^ inches wide, figured with foul anchors, narrow welt top 
and bottom of braid, one gilt club button each side, con- 
nected with black lustrous mohair cord -i% inch diameter, 
doubled with knots ; ellipse-shaped vizor 2^ inches broad, 
to drop at an angle of 15 degrees, covered with same cloth 
as in the cap and bound on the top with corded black braid 
y^ inch wide. 

Straw Hats. — Sailor shape, crown 3 inches high, straight 
rim 2^ inches broad, with plain black silk band i^ inches 
broad. 

SLEEVE ORNAMENTS. 

Commodore. — Two stripes ^ inch wide black mohair flat 
braid, placed }^ inch apart 3 inches from cufl" edge, the 
upper stripe to have an oval loop extending upward on the 
top of the sleeves, i}( inches long, ^ inch wide, inside 
measurements. On each side of loop a silver five-pointed 
star, placed i^ inches from center of loop to center of star, 
and one silver star placed above the loop lyi inches from 
center of loop to center of star, all stars to be ^ inch 



54 

diameter, with centers on a line with center diameters of 
the loop. 

Vice-Comfnodore. — Same as Commodore, omitting star 
above the loops. 

Rear Commodore. — Same as Commodore, omitting stars 
on each side of loop. 

Fleet Captain, Afeasurer, Preside^it, Secretary and Treas- 
twer, — Same as Commodore, omitting all stars. 

Membe?s.—OnQ stripe, no loop, same material and placed 
three inches from cuff edge. 

CAP ORNAMENTS. 

For yacht owners, two foul anchors of gold crossed, 
encircled with light gold cord, closed at bottom with 
sailor's knot. 

Commodore's insignia to have three silver stars added, 
one above and one on each side of anchors. 

Vice-Commodore, two silver stars, one each side. 

Rear Commodore, one silver star at top. 

For the following officers of the Club the initial letter of 
their office, worked in silver, three-eighths of an inch long, 
placed over the anchors, viz.. Fleet Captain, F. C. ; 
Measurer, M. ; President, P. ; Secretary, S. ; Treas- 
urer, T. 

For non-yacht owners the letters B. Y. C. in monogram. 

BUTTONS. 

All buttons to be gilded brass, with club initials in rope 
circle, forming rim, two sizes, coat and vest. 



55 

YACHT ROUTINE. 

Uniform with the New York, Seawanhaka, Corinthian, 
Larchmont, Eastern and Massachusetts Clubs. 

COLORS. 

Rank. — In making colors, salutes, etc., the yacht always 
represents the rank of the owner, whether he is on board or 
not. 

In Co7nmission. — Yachts in commission should hoist 
their colors at 8 A. M. and haul them down at sunset, tak- 
ing time from Club House at home anchorage and from 
senior flag officers at other anchorage. 

In company with United States vessel, etc, — When in 
company with a United States naval vessel, or at anchor off 
a United States naval station, the senior officer should give 
the time for colors with such vessel or station. 

Entering po?'t before or after colors, — Before colors in the 
morning and after colors at sunset the ensign and distin- 
guishing flags should be shown when entering port and 
should be hauled down immediately on coming to anchor. 

Night pennants. — At all other times yachts should fly a 
night pennant from colors at sunset until colors the next 
morning. 

Guns. — No guns should be fired for colors except by the 
yacht giving the time, or from colors at sunset until colors 
the next morning, or on a Sunday. At Club anchorage the 
color guns will be fired from the Club House. 

Exceptions. — Absence flags and meal pennants are not 
considered colors. 

Half-masting colors, — On Decoration Day and occasions 
of national mourning only the ensign should be half-masted. 
On the death of the owner of the yacht both Club signal 



56 

and his private signal should be half-masted, but not the 
ensign. When mourning is ordered for the death of a 
member of the Club, the Club burgee only should be half- 
masted. This rule should apply to yachts at anchor or 
under way. 

How half-masted. — Flags should always be mastheaded 
before half-masting them, and should be mastheaded before 
hauling down. Saluting with the ensign at half-mast should 
be done by mastheading it first. 

OFFICER IX COMMAND. 

Duties, — The senior officer present should be in command 
of the anchorage, should give the time for colors (excepting 
at home port), make and return salutes, visits, etc., and his 
yacht should remain the station vessel until a senior to him 
in rank arrives and assumes the command of the anchorage. 

PENNANTS, PRIVATE SIGNALS, ETC. 

Flag officers. — Flag officers should always fly their pen- 
nants while in commission. 

Absence flags, — Yachts, when the owner is not on board, 
should fly at the starboard spreader during daylight a blue 
rectangular flag, but not while under way. 

Single-7nasted vessels should fly owner's private signal 
when entering Club anchorage or when approaching other 
yachts at sea ; at other times and at anchor the Club 
burgee. 

Owner'* s meal penna7it. — A white flag, rectangular in 
shape, should be flown at starboard spreader during the 
meal hours of the owner, and for the crew a red pennant at 
the port spreader. 

LIGHTS. 

Com77iodo7'e whe7i 07t board should show two blue lights 



57 

perpendicularly at the stern from sunset until sunrise; 
when absent^ one blue light. 

Vice-Commodore same as Commodore, substituting red 
lights for blue. 

Rear Commodore same as Commodore, substituting white 
lights for blue. 

Captains when on board should show a white light under 
the main boom ; when absent^ the light should be extin- 
guished. 

SALUTES. 

All salutes should be returned in kind. Yachts should 
always salute vessels of the United States Navy by dipping 
ensign once. 

The following should not apply to yachts leaving for or 
reticrning from a day^s sail : 

Entering port to join the squadron, the Commodore 
should be saluted on coming to anchor by the yachts 
present. On all other occasions the Commodore should be 
saluted on coming to anchor by the officer in command. 

Junior flag officers should be saluted on coming to anchor 
by the officer in command, unless the latter be a senior in 
rank, in which case they should salute him. 

Captains should on all occasions salute the officer in 
command. 

Leaving port, the senior officer should indicate the trans- 
fer of command to next in rank by firing a gun on getting 
under way. All other yachts should salute the officer in 
command. 

Visits should be made according to rank. 

Passing yachts should exchange salutes by dipping colors 
once, juniors saluting first. 

From yachts entering port the salute should be dipping 
colors once or firing a gun on letting go anchor. 



58 

To yachts entering port (entitled to salute), dip colors 
once or fire a gun when they let go anchor. 

Official salute to foreig7i clubs should be made by firing 
a gun and hoisting the Club signal of the Foreign Club, or, 
in the absence of such a signal, fire a gun and half-mast 
your own Club signal. When salute is returned, or sufQ- 
cient time has been allowed to do so, masthead Club signal. 

After sunset, or on Sunday, the salutes are to be made 
immediately after colors in the morning. 

Judges'' boat. — A yacht acting as such should not be 
saluted during a race. 

Quainter deck. — Should be saluted by lifting cap, when 
coming aboard or from below. 

WITH THE SQUADRON. 

Joining or parti^ig company. — Yachts should report to 
Commodore on joining the squadron, and obtain his per- 
mission before leaving it. 

Gu7is and signals. — Under way with squadron avoid firing 
guns and signalling, except when joining or parting com- 
pany, or when repeating signals. 

Sqiiadro7is passing at sea. — When squadrons of different 
clubs meet at sea, salutes are to be exchanged by command- 
ing officers only. 

Salutes fro7n single yachts at sea will be answered only 
by the flagship. 

Owners^ private signals are to be flown when under 
way with squadron, at anchor the Club burgee. 

FOREIGN YACHTS. 

When a foreign yacht arrives, the senior officer present 
should send on board, without regard to rank, a written 
tender of the civilities of the Club. 



59 

VISITING A FOREIGN YACHT CLUB ANCHORAGE. 

Salutes entering foreign c he b^s anchorage, — Yachts should 
salute if any of the foreign fleet are at anchor. After the 
tender of civilities has been made, owners of entering yachts 
should visit the officer in command of the anchorage. All 
other visits should be made according to rank, visits to their 
equals in rank being made by the owners of the entering 
yachts. 

Both squadrons at anchorage. — If the squadron of The 
Brooklyn Yacht Club be at anchor also, salute should be 
made to the commanding officer of the anchorage, unless the 
entering yacht be a senior flag officer of the Brooklyn Yacht 
Club ; in such case he should be saluted by the officer in 
command of the anchorage, and reply saluting the foreign 
squadron. 

Colors. — The time for colors should be given with the 
officer in command of the foreign fleet. 

Meaning of foreign. — The term ** foreign" applies to all 
clubs located elsewhere than at Brooklyn or Gravesend Bay. 

BOAT SERVICE. 

Precedence. — Juniors enter boats first and leave last. 

Passing boats. — Juniors should salute seniors by raising 
cap. 

Hailing. — Every boat approaching a yacht at night should 
be hailed ** Boat ahoy." The answers should be as follows : 
If the Commodore, and intending to visit, ** Commodore '' ; 
other flag officers and fleet captain, ** Flag"; captains and 
members of the Club, ** Aye, aye"; captains returning on 
board, the name of their yacht; for visitors, ** Visitors " ; 
for sailing masters and crew, ** No, no," and boarding on 
the port side; for passing boats, ** Passing." 



6o 



BROOKLYN YACHT CLUB SIGNAL 

CODE. 

The signals in this Code consist chiefly of sentences 
needed by yachts of the fleet, which are 7iot to be found in 
the International Code. They comprise : 

General Signals (single letters, B to W). 
Special Signals (two letters, BC to CN). 
Days of the Week (two letters, CP to DF). 
Hours of the Day (two letters, DG to GW). 
Names of Places (two letters, HB to LW). 
Yachts' Numbers, Sec. 4, Art. L, By-Laws (two letters, 
MB to SW). 

Compass Signals (three letters, DBC to DGW). 

When intending to use the International Code in place of 
this Code, hoist the ensign over the answering pennant, 
where it can best be seen, and keep it flying until acknowl- 
edged by the answering pennant. In the absence of the 
ensign the Club Code is understood to be used. 

When using Club's Code hoist answering pennant, and 
keep flying until acknowledged by answering pennant on 
yacht or yachts to be signaled to. 

GENERAL SIGNALS. 

B — (To be used for any special purpose, as may be indi- 
cated in orders.) 
C— Yes. 
D— No. 

F — Cannot do so. 
G— Will try to do so. 
H — Leave of absence is requested. 
J — Leave of absence is granted. 



CI 




M-^ 



w 



w « 




A 




if) 

> 
. Ll. 



6i 

K — Captains and guests are invited to meet on board the 
flag-ship at . 

L — Boats recall. 

M — ^Get under way. 

N — Repair on board all hands belonging to this yacht. 

P — Prepare to get under way. 

Q — Do not know or cannot answer. 

R — Cannot signal or get answer. 

S — Open yachts. 

T — Cabin yachts. 

V — Captains report on board the flag-ship on coming to 
anchor. 

W — Captains will meet on board the flag-ship at . 

SPECIAL SIGNALS. 

BC— The fleet will proceed to . 

BD — The fleet will not start at present. 
BF — Proceed at will. 

BG— Heave to off . 

BH— Start from . 

BJ— Start for . 

BK — Where are we to anchor ? 
BL — Anchor at . 



BM — Anchor for the night at . 

BN — Anchor at will. 
BP — Return to anchorage. 
BQ — Where are you from ? 
BR — Where are you bound ? 

BS — Have arrived from . 

BT — Am bound for . 

BV — Cannot understand your signals. 
BW — Repeat my signals. 



62 



CB — On signal from the flag-ship the course will be 
CD — When will the race come off? 

CF — Race will come off . 

CG — Race is postponed. 
CH — Are you in need of assistance ? 
CJ — Am disabled and need assistance. 
CK — Send me a tug. 

CL — What is the compass course to ? 

CM . 

CN . 



CP— Sunday. 
CQ — Monday. 
CR — Tuesday. 
CS — Wednesday. 
CT — Thursday. 

DG — 12. GO Noon. 
DH— 0.30 P. M. 
DJ— i.oo 
DK— 1.30 
DL — 2.00 
DM— 2.30 
DN — 3.00 
DP— 3.30 
DQ— 4.00 
DR— 4.30 
DS— 5.00 
DT— 5.30 
DV— 6.00 
DW— 6.30 
FB — 7.00 
FC-7.30 



DAYS OF THE WEEK. 

CV— Friday. 
CW— Saturday. 
DB— Yesterday. 
DC— To-day. 
D E — To-morrow. 

HOURS OF THE DAY. 

FD— 8.00 p. M. 
FG— 8.30 
FH — 9.00 

FJ— 9-30 

FK — 10.00 

FL — 10.30 

FM— 11.00 

FN— 11.30 

FP — 12.00 Midnight. 

FQ— 0.30 A. M. 

FR— I.oo 

FS— 1.30 

FT— 2.00 

FV — 2.30 

FW — 3.00 

GB— 3.30 



63 



GC— 4.00A. M. 
GD — 4.30 
GF— 5.00 
GH-5.30 
GJ — 6.00 
GK— 6.30 
GL — 7.00 
GM— 7.30 



GN— 8.00 A. 
GP— 8.30 
GQ— 9.00 
GR— 9.30 
GS — 10.00 
GT— 10.30 
GV— 11.00 
GW— 11.30 



M. 



NAMES OF PLACES. 



HB— Fire Island, L. I. 
HC — Canarsie, L. I. 
HD— Ruffle Bar, L. I. 
HF — Rockaway, L. I. 
HG — Sheepshead Bay, L. I. 
HJ — Club anchorage at 

Gravesend Bay, L. I. 
HK— Barnegat Bay, N. J. 
HL— Sandy Hook, N. J. 
HM— Horse Shoe, Sandy H'k. 
HN — Navesink Highlands. 
HP— Shrewsbury, N. J. 
HQ— Red Bank, N. J. 
HR— Atlantic Highlands, N.J. 
HS— Keyport. N. J. 
HT— Tottenville, S. I. 
HV— Prince's Bay, S. I. 
HW— Huguenot, S. I. 
JB— Great Kills, S. I. 
JC— South Beach, S. I. 
JD— Stapleton, S. I. 
JF— Bergen Point, N. J. 
JG— Elizabeth, N. J. 
JH— Rossville, S. I. 



JK — Around Staten Island on 

port hand. 
JL — Around Staten Island on 

starboard hand. 
JM— Bay Ridge, L. I. 
JN — Pamrapo, N. J. 
JP— Jersey City Yacht Club. 
JQ— New Jersey Yacht Club. 
JR— Yonkers, N. Y. 
JS — Knickerb'ker Yacht Club. 
JT— City Island. 
JV— New Rochelle Yacht Club. 
JW— Larchmont Yacht Club. 
KB— Indian Harbor, Ct. 
KC— Sheffield Islands, Ct. 
KD— Black Rock Harbor, Ct. 
KF— Bridgeport, Ct. 
KG— New Haven, Ct. 
KH— Thimble Islands, Ct. 
KJ— Saybrook, Ct. 
KL — New London, Ct. 
KM— Watch Hill, R. I. 
KN— Newport, R. I. 
KP— New Bedford, Mass. 



64 

KQ— Vineyard Haven, Mass. LB — Huntington Bay, L. I. 

KR— Edgartown, Mass. LC— Oyster Bay, L. I. 

KS— Block Island, R. I. LD— Glen Cove, L. I. 

KT— Shelter Island, N. Y. LF— 

KV— Greenport, L. I. LG— 

KW— Smithtown Bay, L. I. LH— 

yachts' distinguishing numbers. 
Each yacht shall be known when signaling by number of her 
certificate. (See Sec. 4, Art. I., By-Laws.) 

MB— I NL— 26 PW— 51 RK— 76 

MC— 2 NM— 27 QB— 52 RL— 77 

MD— 3 NP— 28 QC— 53 RM— 78 

MF— 4 NQ— 29 QD— 54 RN— 79 

MG— 5 NR— 30 QF— 55 RP— 80 

MH— 6 NS— 31 QG— 56 RQ— 81 

MJ— 7 NT— 32 QH— 57 RS— 82 

MK— 8 NV— 33 QJ— 58 RT— 83 

ML— 9 NW— 34 QK— 59 RV— 84 

MN— 10 PB— 35 QL— 60 RW— 85 

MP— II PC— 36 QM— 61 SB— 86 

MQ— 12 PD— 37 QN— 62 SC— 87 

MR— 13 PF— 38 QP— 63 SD— 88 

MS— 14 PG— 39 QR— 64 SF— 89 

MT— 15 PH— 40 QS— 65 SG— 90 

MV— 16 PJ— 41 QT— 66 SH— 91 

MW— 17 PK— 42 QV— 67 SJ— 92 

NB— 18 PL- 43 QW— 68 SK— 93 

NC— 19 PM— 44 RB— 69 SL— 94 

ND— 20 PN— 45 RC— 70 SM— 95 

NF— 21 PQ— 46 RD— 71 SN— 96 

NG— 22 PR— 47 RF— 72 SP— 97 

NH— 23 PS— 48 RG— 73 SQ— 98 

NJ— 24 PT— 49 RH— 74 SR— 99 

NK— 25 PV— 50 RJ— 75 ST— 100 



65 



DBC— North. 
DBG— N. by E. 
DBJ— N. N. E. 
DBL— N. E. by N. 
DBN— N. E. 
DBQ— N. E. by E. 
DBS— E. N. E. 
DBV— E. by N. 
DCB— East. 
DCG— E. by S. 
DCJ— E. S. E. 
DCL— S. E. by E. 
DCN— S. E. 
DCQ— S. E. by S. 
DCS— S. S. E. 
DCV— S. by E. 



The K points are indicated 
sonant letter for the final letter 



COMPASS SIGNALS. 

DFB— South. 
DFG— S. by W. 
DFJ— S. S. W. 
DFL— S. W. by S. 
DFN— S. W. 
DFQ— S. W. by W. 
DFS— W. S. W. 
DFV— W. by S. 
DGB— West. 
DGF— W. by N. 
DGJ— W. N. W. 
DGL— N. W. by W. 
DGN— N. W. 
DGQ— N. W. by N. 
DGS— N. N. W. 
DGV— N. by W. 

by using the intermediate con- 




66 

ents and Indications 
mer Season. 

BY R. C. HOPKINS.] 

INSTRUMENTS. 

Obtain a compensated aneroid barometer, set true for sea 
level ; ^ay 710 attention to the markings on the dial as ** dry," 
'*set fair," ** change," "rain," etc.; also obtain a Mason's 
hygrometer, or similar combination of wet and dry bulb 
thermometer. The barometer is an instrument to deter- 
mine the comparative density of the air ; the average density 
about New York Bay in summer is represented by 29.90 
inches. In steady weather it reads a little higher at 9 
A. M. and a little lower at 2 p. M. each day. 

BAROMETER ABOVE MEAN. 

When it reads above 30 inches there is less moisture in 
the air, and it is comparatively cooler; surface fogs may 
occur towards sunset, caused by cool air, but such fogs dis- 
appear soon after next sunrise. 

If the barometer reads above 30 inches and remains 
steady, the sky two or three hours after sunset be clear or 
nearly clear and remain so during the night, the wind will 
come off land at seashore, in the morning, last until about 
II A. M., commence again to blow 07i land about 2 p. M., at 
first along the shore, gradually extending more to sea, and 
die out again at sunset. These winds are caused by radia- 
tion of heat from the land at night and absorption of solar 
heat during the day. 

CLOUDS. 

Clouds act as a screen to both radiation and absorption ; 
hence, with steady barometer, a cloudy night is compara- 



^7 

tively warmer than a clear night, and a cloudy day com- 
paratively cooler than a clear one. Clear nights are cool, 
clear days are warm. 

FALLING BAROMETER. 

When the barometer begins iofall, it is an indication the 
area of atmosphere whose characteristics w^e have been 
experiencing is moving away, to be succeeded by a com- 
plete change, or only a temporary change, with a return of 
like weather ; should the barometer continue falling, going 
below 29.90, and the dry bulb thermometer rise, the wind is 
apt to come from S. E. to S. W. ; for a storm coming from 
the westward, or N. E. to E., for a storm coming up the 
coast from the south, the nearness of the storm or the com- 
ing violence of the wind is indicated by its variability, for 
either cause or both ; if the wet bulb thermometer reads as 
high, or nearly so, as the dry bulb, rainfall is imminent. 

The quicker the actions of the instruments the harder the 
wind is likely to blow, whether the barometer is falling or 
rising. When the barometer stops falling a change is in- 
dicated ; when it commences rising the wand will haul to 
W. and N. W. if the storm comes from the west, or back to 
N. and N. W. if the storm comes up the coast from the 
south; the weather will remain '* dirty '' until the ther- 
mometer begins to fall, and the differences between the wet 
and dry bulbs increase in readings. 

FAIR WEATHER. 

Settled weather is not to be expected until the barometer 
reads above 29.90 inches, and the duration of such weather 
is indicated by further gradual slow rising of the barometer. 
When it comes to a standstill it is quite likely it will com- 



68 

mence falling in the course of 24 hours ; but bad weather 
or hard winds may not come for one or two days if the 
action of the barometer, when it commences to fall, is slow. 

SQUALLY AND RAINY WEATHER. 

During such a period, if the thermometer rises or re- 
mains at night at nearly same temperature as at 3 P. M. of 
the day, and the wet bulb reads closely to the dry, squalls 
and showers, with perhaps thunder and lightning, are apt 
to occur ; these are local phenomena and rarely indicated 
by the barometer ; the thermometers are the instruments to 
watch ; after the passage of one squall, if the thermometer 
does not fall, more squalls may be expected ; if it falls 3*^ 
to 5^, and westerly or northerly wind sets in, good weather 
is indicated, and the tendency of the barometer to fall is 
checked. An excessively warm day after a period of steady 
barometer, especially if not over 30 inches, is indicative of 
squally weather, with showers, if the wet bulb reads nearly 
as high as the dry. Squalls are apt to travel N.E. to 
E.N.E. ; hence, if some distance to north will not generally 
come over your station. 

HIGH BAROMETER. 

When the barometer keeps rising from 30 inches and 
reaches 30.10 to 30.20 inches, and the thermometers keep 
falling, N.W. to N. winds of some force will set in (if clear 
weather is westward) and bring fair weather, lasting prob- 
ably two or three days, or N. to E. winds (if clear weather 
is to northward), accompanied with cloudy weather at be- 
ginning, and rain if wet bulb reads near dry bulb, followed 
by clear weather and winds working to southward and 
southwest during the next day. 



69 

WIND, DIRECTION AND VELOCITY 
SIGNALS OF U. S. S. S. 

Cautionary Signal. — Yellow flag with square in center 
indicates strong winds. 

Storm Signal. — i^^^flag, black square in center, indicates 
violent winds. 

Eastei'ly Winds. — ^^^ pennant indicates winds from N.E, 
to S., and storm center approaching. Red pennant over 
** cautionary " or ** storm " signal, winds expected from 
N.E. quadrant; when below, S.E. quadrant. 

Westerly Winds. — White pennant indicates winds from 
N. to S.W., and storm center has passed. White pennant 
over ** cautionary " or ** storm" signal, winds expected 
from N.W. quadrant; when below, S.W. quadrant. 

Night Storm Signals. — I?ed light for easterly winds ; 
red light and white light westerly winds. 

WEATHER SIGNALS OF U. S. S. S. 

For clear or fair weather, a white square flag. 

For rain or snow, a dltte square flag. 

For change of temperature, a dlack triangular flag. 

For cold wave, a white square flag with black square in 
center. 

For warmer weather, the temperature signal is hoisted 
adoz'e the white or blue square flag. 

For colder weather it is hoisted underneath. 



1890. 

HIGH WATER AT CLUB ANCHORAGE. 



JUNE. 





•^i 


Day. 


53 




^ 


Fri... 




Sat... 


-- 


Sun .. 


I 


Mon.. 


2 


Tues . 


3 


Wed . 


4 


Thur. 


S 


Fri... 


6 


Sat... 


7 


Sun .. 


8 


Mon.. 


Q 


Tues. 


10 


Wed . 


II 


Thur. 


12 


Fri... 


13 


Sat... 


14 


Sun .. 


15 


Mon.. 


i6 


Tues . 


17 


W^ed . 


i8 


Thur. 


19 


Fri.. . 


20 


Sat... 


21 


Sun .. 


22 


Mon.. 


23 


Tues . 


24 


Wed . 


2S 


Thur. 


26 


Fri... 


27 


Sat... 


28 


Sun .. 


2q 


Mon . . 


30 


Tues . 




Wed . 




Thur. 


.. 




6.33 p.m. 
7.17 

8.01 

8.45 

9.29 
10.17 
11.07 

•05 
1.03 
2. II 

3-19 
4.20 

S.13 
6.01 

6.43 
7.21 

7-57 
8.31 
9-^3 
9-33 
10.08 

10.44 
11.25 
12.15 

1. 15 
2.18 

3-24 
4.21 

5.13 
6.03 



lT-^ 



^ 



5.3 
5.7 
5.9 
5.9 
5-7 
5.5 
5-1 

4-7 
4-3 
4-3 
4.4 
4.6 
4.9 
5-1 

5-3 
5.4 
5.3 
5-2 
5-0 
4-7 
4.5 

4-3 
4.0 

3-9 
3-9 
4.1 

4-3 
4.8 

5-2 
5-6 



JULY 



<!0 




^"•S 


■^ 


Time. 


«^ ^ 


^ 




^< 


-- 






I 


6.51 p.m. 


5-9 


2 


7-37 


6.0 


3 


8.23 


6.0 


4 


9.10 


5-8 


5 


9-59 


5-5 


6 


10-53 


5-1 


7 


11.53 


4-7 


8 


12.43 


4.5 


9 


1.50 


4-5 


10 


2.55 


4.5 


II 


3-55 


4-7 


12 


4.47 


4-9 


13 


5.33 


5.0 


14 


6.15 


5-1 


15 


6.52 


5-1 


16 


7.27 


5.1 


17 


8.01 


5-0 


18 


8.33 


4.8 


19 


9.07 


4.6 


20 


9.41 


4-4 


21 


10.17 


4.1 


22 


10.55 ^-ni- 


4.1 


23 


11.44 


4.1 


24 


12.39 P-ni. 


4.1 


25 


1.43 


4.3 


26 


2.45 


4-5 


27 


3.45 


4-9 


28 


4.41 


5.3 


29 


5.33 


5-6 


30 


6.24 


5.8 


31 


7.13 


5-9 



AUGUST. 



^* 




s 


Tijne. 


'^ 




I 


8.04 p.m. 


2 


8.54 


3 


9.47 


4 


10.27 a.m. 


5 


II. 21 


6 


12.20 p.m. 


7 


1. 21 


8 


2.21 


9 


3.19 


10 


4.11 


II 


4-58 


12 


5.41 


13 


6.21 


14 


6.58 


15 


7.35 


16 


8. II 


17 


8.47 


18 


9-23 


19 


9.49 a.m. 


20 


10.30 


21 


II. 17 


22 


12. II p.m. 


23 


1.09 


24 


2.09 


25 


3-09 


26 


4.09 


27 


5-05 


28 


6.01 


29 


6.55 


30 


7.49 


31 


8.44 


-- 





1890. 

HIGH V\rATER AT CLUB ANCHORAGE. 



SEPTEMBER. 




OCTOBEB 




NOVEMBER. 




^' 




" 5: 


'jj 




C§^* 


'J 




^r.^ 


Day. 


^ 


Time, 


•S'^- 


"SS 


Time. 


•§ -1 




Time. 


.'-^ 




^ 




^< 


I 




5.4 


C^ 




^< 


Wed . 






9.41 a.m. 




Thur. 


..- 




.... 


2 


10.28 


5-2 






.... 


Fri... 


.. 







3 


II. 13 


5-0 


-. 







Sat . . . 


-- 




— 


4 


12.00 m. 


4-7 


I 


10.35 a.m. 


5-1 


Sun .. 






.... 


5 


12.48 p.m. 


4-5 


2 


11.15 


4-7 


Mon.. 


I 


9.14 a.m. 


5.4 


6 


1.37 


4-3 


3 


11.55 


4.4 


Tues . 


2 


10.05 


5.3 


7 


2.30 


4.1 


4 


12.41 p.m. 


4-1 


Wed . 


3 


10.57 


5-1 


8 


3-25 


4.0 


5 


1-35 


3-9 


Thur . 


4 


11.49 


4-9 


9 


4.21 


4.1 


6 


2.37 


3.7 


Fri ... 


5 


12.43 p.m. 


4-7 


10 


5-i6 


4.1 


7 


3.27 a.m. 


3-7 


Sat... 


6 


1.38 


4-5 


II 


6.05 


4.2 


8 


4.21 


3-9 


Sun .. 


7 


2.33 


4-5 


12 


6.27 a.m. 


4.4 


9 


5-II 


4.2 


Mon.. 


8 


3.25 


4-4 


13 


7.09 


4.6 


TO 


5.57 


4-5 


Tues . 


9 


4-15 


4.4 


14 


7-49 


4.8 


II 


6.41 


4-9 


Wed . 


10 


5.02 


4.4 


15 


8.28 


5-0 


12 


7-23 


5-2 


Thur. 


II 


546 


4-5 


16 


9.07 


5.1 


13 


8.04 


5-4 


Fri ... 


12 


6.30 


4-5 


17 


9-49 


5-1 


14 


8.45 


5-5 


Sat... 


13 


7.13 


4-5 


18 


10.32 


5-1 


15 


9.26 


5-5 


Sun .. 


14 


7.53 


4.4 


19 


II. 19 


5.0 


16 


10. 09 


5-3 


Mon.. 


15 


8.32 


4-5 


20 


12.10 p.m. 


4.8 


17 


10.57 


5-1 


Tues . 


i6 


8.51 a.m. 


4.6 


21 


1.07 


4.6 


18 


11.48 


4.8 


Wed . 


17 


9.29 


4.7 


22 


2.13 


4-5 


19 


12.48 p.m. 


4-5 


Thur. 


i8 


10.09 


4-7 


23 


3.23 


4.5 


23 


1-57 


4-3 


Fri . . . 


19 


10.55 


4-7 


24 


4-33 


4.5 


21 


2.55 a.m. 


4.3 


Sat... 


20 


11.44 


4.7 


25 


5.13 a.m. 


4-7 


22 


4.02 


4-5 


Sun .. 


21 


12.37 p.m. 


4-7 


26 


6.09 


5.1 


23 


5-01 


4.7 


Mon.. 


22 


1.35 


4-7 


27 


6.5Q 


5-3 


24 


5-55 


5.1 


Tues . 


23 


2.37 


4.7 


28 


7.47 


5-5 


25 


6.42 


5-3 


Wed . 


24 


3.41 


4.8 


29 


8.32 


5.5 


26 


7.25 


5-5 


Thur. 


25 


4.44 


4-9 


30 


9.15 


5.5 


27 


8.07 


5-6 


Fri... 


26 


5.47 


5-1 


31 


9-45 


5.3 


28 


8.45 


5-5 


Sat... 


27 


6.45 


5-2 








29 


9-23 


5-3 


Sun .. 


28 


7.40 


5.3 






.... 


30 


9.57 


5.0 


Mon.. 


29 


8.05 a.m. 


5-5 






.... 








Tues . 


30 


8.55 


5-5 


-. 






-- 








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